1. Linguistic Problems and Complexities
   1. Lexical Cases
      • 1. Lexical Ambiguity
        1. in syntactic category (part of speech)
        2. in word denotation
        3. in abbreviation denotation
      • 2. Lexical Gaps
      • 3. Unrecognized Words
      • 4. Idioms
      • 5. Subidiomatic Expressions
   2. Syntactic Cases
      • 6. Center Embedding
      • 7. Garden Path Sentences
      • 8. Extensive Clause Ordination (run-on sentences)
      • 9. Syntactic Ambiguity
        1. in modifier scope
        2. in phrase reference
        3. in coordinated conjunction
        4. in indirect object sense
        5. in contracted possessives
        6. in part of speech
      • 10. Ellipsis
      • 11. Cross-serial Agreement
      • 12. Anaphora
      • 13. Multiple Word Nouns and Merged Noun Compounds
      • 14. Preposed Phrases
      • 15. Syntactically Ill-formed Input
      • 16. Nominals
      • 17. Invalid Transformations
        1. interrogative
        2. reflexive
      • 18. Ergative Verbs
      • 19. Homomorphy (similar syntax, different semantics)
      • 20. Long Range Reference
      • 21. Comparison
   3. Lexical Semantic Cases
      • 22. Literal vs Idiomatic Use
      • 23. Intensive vs Extensive Usage
      • 24. Universal vs Specific Quantification
      • 25. Ambiguity
        1. inherent (polysemy and homonymy)
        2. auto-antonymy
        3. in quantifier sense
   4. Syntactic Semantic Cases
      • 26. Ungrammaticality (to aid communication)
      • 27. Passivization Effect
      • 28. Referential Opacity/Obliquity
      • 29. Conventional Ambiguity
      • 30. Complementary or Copulative Verbs
      • 31. Uninstantiated Reference
      • 32. Meaning Shift through Extension
      • 33. Reference through Synonym
   5. Discourse Semantic Cases
      • 34. Diexis in Dialogue
      • 35. Dialogue Attribution
      • 36. Speech Acts
      • 37. de re vs de dicto Scope
      • 37. Modal and Hypothetical Existence
      • 38. Necessary vs Accidental Consequence
      • 39. Indeterminate Set Membership